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Typographical symbol (@)

@

At sign
In Unicode U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (@)
Related
See likewise U+FF20 ＠ FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT
U+FE6B ﹫ Pocket-sized COMMERCIAL AT

The at sign, @ , is normally read aloud every bit "at"; it is also usually called the at symbol, commercial at, or address sign. It is used as an accounting and invoice abbreviation meaning "at a rate of" (eastward.g. 7 widgets @ £two per widget = £xiv),[one] merely information technology is now seen more widely in email addresses and social media platform handles.

The absence of a unmarried English discussion for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase [2] or Spanish and Portuguese arroba, or to coin new words such equally ampersat [3] and asperand,[4] or the (visual) onomatopoeia strudel,[v] but none of these have achieved broad use.

Although not included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters, it was on at least one 1889 model[half dozen] and the very successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It started to exist used in email addresses in the 1970s, and is now routinely included on almost types of computer keyboards.

History [edit]

@ symbol used as the initial "a" for the "amin" (amen) formula in the Bulgarian of the Manasses Relate, c. 1345.[7]

@ used to signify French " à " ("at") from a 1674 protocol from a Swedish court ( Arboga rådhusrätt och magistrat )

The earliest nevertheless discovered symbol in this shape is institute in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345. Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library, it features the @ symbol in identify of the capital alphabetic character alpha "Α" as an initial in the give-and-take Amen; however, the reason behind it being used in this context is withal unknown. The evolution of the symbol as used today is not recorded.

It has long been used in Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese as an abbreviation of arroba, a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived from the Arabic expression of "the quarter" ( الربع pronounced ar-rubʿ).[nine] A symbol resembling an @ is institute in the Castilian "Taula de Ariza", a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon, in 1448.[10] An Italian academic, Giorgio Stabile, claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent past Florentine Francesco Lapi from Seville to Rome on May 4, 1536.[10] The document is about commerce with Pizarro, in particular the price of an @ of wine in Peru. Currently, the word arroba ways both the at-symbol and a unit of weight. In Venetian, the symbol was interpreted to hateful amphora ( anfora ), a unit of weight and volume based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar since the 6th century.

Modern utilise [edit]

Commercial usage [edit]

In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, meaning at and at the rate of or at the price of. It has rarely been used in fiscal ledgers, and is non used in standard typography.[xi]

Trademark [edit]

In 2012, "@" was registered as a trademark with the German language Patent and Merchandise Marking Function.[12] A cancellation request was filed in 2013, and the counterfoil was ultimately confirmed past the High german Federal Patent Court in 2017.[13]

Email addresses [edit]

A mutual contemporary use of @ is in email addresses (using the SMTP system), equally in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at the domain example.com). Ray Tomlinson of BBN Technologies is credited for having introduced this usage in 1971.[4] [14] This thought of the symbol representing located at in the form user@host is as well seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix beat command ssh jdoe@example.net tries to constitute an ssh connection to the computer with the hostname example.net using the username jdoe.

On web pages, organizations often obscure the electronic mail addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This practice, known equally address munging, makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them.

[edit]

On some social media platforms and forums, usernames may be prefixed with an @ (in the form @johndoe); this type of username is often referred to as a "handle"[ citation needed ].

On online forums without threaded discussions, @ is commonly used to announce a reply; for example: @Jane to respond to a comment Jane made before. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email messages originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, simply in the body of the email, Catherine wants to brand Keirsten enlightened of something, Catherine will start the line @Keirsten to indicate to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her.[ citation needed ] This also helps with mobile email users who might not come across bold or colour in electronic mail.

In microblogging (such as on Twitter and GNU social-based microblogs), an @ earlier the user name is used to send publicly readable replies (due east.thou. @otheruser: Message text here). The blog and client software tin can automatically interpret these every bit links to the user in question. When included as part of a person's or visitor'southward contact details, an @ symbol followed by a name is commonly understood to refer to a Twitter handle. A similar use of the @ symbol was also made available to Facebook users on September fifteen, 2009.[xv] In Net Relay Conversation (IRC), it is shown before users' nicknames to denote they have operator condition on a channel.

Sports usage [edit]

In American English the @ can be used to add information near a sporting event. Where opposing sports teams have their names separated by a "v" (for versus), the away team tin can be written get-go – and the normal "v" replaced with @ to convey at which squad's home field the game volition exist played.[16] This usage is non followed in British English language, since conventionally the abode team is written start.

Computer languages [edit]

@ is used in various programming languages and other computer languages, although there is not a consequent theme to its usage. For instance:

  • In ALGOL 68, the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword; it is used to modify the lower bound of an array. For example: arrayx[@88] refers to an array starting at index 88.
  • In ActionScript, @ is used in XML parsing and traversal as a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements.
  • In the ASP.Internet MVC Razor template markup syntax, the @ character denotes the showtime of code argument blocks or the offset of text content.[17] [xviii]
  • In Dyalog APL, @ is used as a functional style to modify or replace data at specific locations in an array.
  • In CSS, @ is used in special statements exterior of a CSS cake.[19]
  • In C#, it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and 2 double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.[20] As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used as identifiers,[21] a form of stropping.
  • In D, it denotes role attributes: like: @safe, @nogc, user defined @('from_user') which tin be evaluated at compile time (with __traits) or @property to declare properties, which are functions that can be syntactically treated every bit if they were fields or variables.[22]
  • In DIGITAL Control Language, the @ graphic symbol was the command used to execute a command procedure. To run the command procedure VMSINSTAL.COM, one would type @VMSINSTAL at the command prompt.
  • In Along, it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced as "fetch".
  • In Haskell, it is used in so-called every bit-patterns. This notation tin can be used to requite aliases to patterns, making them more readable.
  • in HTML, information technology can exist encoded as @ [23]
  • In J, denotes function limerick.
  • In Java, it has been used to denote annotations, a kind of metadata, since version 5.0.[24]
  • In LiveCode, it is prefixed to a parameter to indicate that the parameter is passed by reference.
  • In an LXDE autostart file (as used, for case, on the Raspberry Pi calculator), @ is prefixed to a command to indicate that the command should be automatically re-executed if it crashes.[25]
  • In ML, it denotes listing concatenation.
  • In modal logic, specifically when representing possible worlds, @ is sometimes used every bit a logical symbol to denote the bodily world (the world we are "at").
  • In Objective-C, @ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such equally @implementation and to form cord literals.
  • In Pascal, @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is found).
  • In Perl, @ prefixes variables which contain arrays @array, including array slices @assortment[two..five,7,ix] and hash slices @hash { 'foo' , 'bar' , 'baz' } or @hash { qw(foo bar baz) } . This use is known as a sigil.
  • In PHP, it is used just before an expression to make the interpreter suppress errors that would be generated from that expression.[26]
  • In Python 2.four and up, it is used to decorate a function (wrap the function in some other one at creation time). In Python 3.v and up, it is also used as an overloadable matrix multiplication operator.[27]
  • In Razor, information technology is used for C# code blocks.[28]
  • In Ruby, it functions every bit a sigil: @ prefixes instance variables, and @@ prefixes class variables.[29]
  • In Scala, it is used to denote annotations (as in Java), and too to bind names to subpatterns in pattern-matching expressions.[thirty]
  • In Swift, @ prefixes "annotations" that can be applied to classes or members. Annotations tell the compiler to apply special semantics to the declaration like keywords, without calculation keywords to the language.
  • In T-SQL, @ prefixes variables and @@ prefixes "niladic" system functions.
  • In several xBase-type programming languages, like DBASE, FoxPro/Visual FoxPro and Clipper, it is used to denote position on the screen. For case: @1,1 SAY "HELLO" to show the discussion "HELLO" in line ane, column one.
    • In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, information technology is likewise used to indicate explicit pass past reference of variables when calling procedures or functions (merely it is not an address operator).[31]
  • In a Windows Batch file, an @ at the start of a line suppresses the echoing of that command. In other words, is the same as Repeat OFF applied to the current line merely. Normally a Windows command is executed and takes outcome from the next line onward, but @ is a rare example of a command that takes outcome immediately. Information technology is virtually normally used in the form @echo off which not only switches off echoing simply prevents the command line itself from being echoed.[32] [33]
  • In Windows PowerShell, @ is used as array operator for array and hash table literals and for enclosing here-string literals.[34]
  • In the Domain Name System (DNS), @ is used to represent the $ORIGIN, typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex: wikipedia.org vs. world wide web.wikipedia.org)
  • In associates language, @ is sometimes used as a dereference operator.[35]

Gender neutrality in Spanish [edit]

Protester with banner showing "La revolución está en nosotr@s"

In Spanish, where many words end in "-o" when in the masculine gender and terminate "-a" in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a gender-neutral substitute for the default "o" catastrophe.[36] For example, the discussion amigos traditionally represents non only male friends, but also a mixed group, or where the genders are not known. The proponents of gender-inclusive language would supplant it with amig@s in these latter ii cases, and use amigos merely when the group referred to is all-male and amigas only when the group is all female. The Real Academia Española disapproves of this usage.[37]

Other uses and meanings [edit]

X-SAMPA uses an @ every bit a substitute for ə, which it resembles in some fonts.

  • In (especially English) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to depict the weather under which data are valid or a measurement has been fabricated. East.g. the density of saltwater may read d = 1.050 chiliad/cm3 @ fifteen °C (read "at" for @), density of a gas d = 0.150 k/L @ 20 °C, 1 bar, or racket of a car 81 dB @ 80 km/h (speed).[38]
  • In philosophical logic, '@' is used to denote the bodily globe (in contrast to non-actual possible worlds).[ citation needed ] Analogously, a 'designated' earth in a Kripke model may be labelled '@'.[ commendation needed ]
  • In chemical formulae, @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules.[39] For example, La@Clx means lanthanum inside a fullerene cage. Run into article Endohedral fullerene for details.
  • In Malagasy, @ is an informal abbreviation for the prepositional form amin'ny.[ commendation needed ]
  • In Malay, @ is an informal abbreviation for the word "atau", meaning "or" in English language.[ commendation needed ]
  • In genetics, @ is the abbreviation for locus, as in IGL@ for immunoglobulin lambda locus.[40]
  • In the Koalib linguistic communication of Sudan, @ is used as a letter of the alphabet in Arabic loanwords. The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode it separately as a letter in Unicode. SIL International uses Private Employ Expanse code points U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and upper-case letter versions, although they accept marked this PUA representation as deprecated since September 2014.[41]
  • A schwa, equally the actual schwa grapheme "ə" may be hard to produce on many computers. It is used in this capacity in some ASCII IPA schemes, including SAMPA and X-SAMPA.[ citation needed ]
  • In leet it may substitute for the letter of the alphabet "A".[ citation needed ]
  • It is frequently used in typing and text messaging equally an abbreviation for "at".[42] [38]
  • In Portugal information technology may be used in typing and text messaging with the meaning "french buss" (linguado).[ commendation needed ]
  • In online soapbox, @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the traditional circle-A.[ citation needed ]
  • Algebraic notation for the Crazyhouse chess variant: An @ betwixt a piece and a foursquare denotes a slice dropped onto that square from the player'south reserve.[43]

Names in other languages [edit]

In many languages other than English, although most typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those languages as denoting "the Internet", computerization, or modernization in general. Naming the symbol later animals is also common.

  • In Afrikaans, it is called aapstert , significant 'monkey tail', similarly to the Dutch apply of the word (aap is the give-and-take for 'monkey' or 'ape' in Dutch, stert comes from the Dutch staart).
  • In Standard arabic, it is آتْ ( at ).
  • In Armenian, it is շնիկ ( shnik ), which ways 'puppy'.
  • In Azerbaijani, it is ət ( at ) which means 'meat', though most likely it is a phonetic transliteration of at.
  • In Basque, information technology is a bildua ('wrapped A').
  • In Belarusian, it is called сьлімак ( sʹlimak , pregnant 'helix' or 'snail').
  • In Bosnian, it is ludo a ('crazy A').
  • In Bulgarian, information technology is called кльомба ( klyomba – 'a badly written letter of the alphabet'), маймунско а ( maymunsko a – 'monkey A'), маймунка ( maimunka – 'little monkey'), or баница ( banitsa - a pastry coil often fabricated in a shape similar to the graphic symbol)
  • In Catalan, it is chosen arrova (a unit of measure out) or ensaïmada (a Mallorcan pastry, because of the similar shape of this food).
  • In Chinese:
    • In communist china, it used to be called 圈A (pronounced quān A ), meaning 'circled A' / 'enclosed A', or 花A (pronounced huā A ), significant 'lacy A', and sometimes as 小老鼠 (pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ), meaning 'fiddling mouse'.[44] Present, for nigh of Cathay's youth, information technology is called 艾特 (pronounced ài tè ), which is a phonetic transcription of at.
    • In Taiwan, it is 小老鼠 (pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ), meaning 'little mouse'.
    • In Hong Kong and Macau, it is at.
  • In Croation, information technology is nearly ofttimes referred to past the English word at (pronounced et), and less ordinarily and more formally, with the preposition pri (with the addressee in the nominative instance, not locative as per usual rection of pri ), pregnant 'at', ' chez ' or 'past'. Informally, information technology is called a manki, coming from the local pronunciation of the English language discussion monkey. Note that the Croation words for monkey, majmun, opica, jopec , šimija are not used to denote the symbol, except seldom the latter words regionally.
  • In Czech information technology is called zavináč, which means 'rollmops'; the same word is used in Slovak.
  • In Danish, information technology is snabel-a ('elephant's trunk A'). It is not used for prices, where in Danish à means 'at (per piece)'.
  • In Dutch, information technology is chosen apenstaart ('monkey's tail'). The a is the first character of the Dutch give-and-take aap which ways 'monkey' or 'ape'; apen is the plural of aap . All the same, the use of the English language at has become increasingly pop in Dutch.
  • In Esperanto, it is called ĉe-signo ('at' – for the email use, with an accost like "zamenhof@esperanto.org" pronounced zamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org ), po-signo ('each' – refers only to the mathematical use), or heliko (meaning 'snail').
  • In Estonian, it is called ätt , from the English word at.
  • In Faroese, it is kurla, hjá ('at'), tranta , or snápil-a ('[elephant'south] torso A').
  • In Finnish, it was originally called taksamerkki ("fee sign") or yksikköhinnan merkki ("unit price sign"), only these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officially ät-merkki, according to the national standardization institute SFS; oftentimes also spelled at-merkki . Other names include kissanhäntä ('cat's tail') and miuku mauku ('miaow-meow') or short; "miu-mau".
  • In French, it is now officially the arobase [45] [46] (besides spelled arrobase or arrobe), or a commercial (though this is most commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and should usually just be used when quoting prices; it should e'er be called arobase or, better nonetheless, arobas when in an email address). Its origin is the same as that of the Spanish word, which could be derived from the Standard arabic ar-roub (‏اَلرُّبْع‎). In France, information technology is also common (specially for younger generations) to say the English word at when spelling out an electronic mail address.[ citation needed ] In everyday Québec French, one frequently hears a commercial when sounding out an e-mail address, while TV and radio hosts are more likely to employ arobase .
  • In Georgian, it is at , spelled ეთ–ი (კომერციული ეთ–ი, ḳomerciuli et-i ).
  • In German, it has sometimes been referred to every bit Klammeraffe (pregnant 'spider monkey') or Affenschwanz (significant 'monkeys tail'). Klammeraffe or Affenschwanz refer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey[47] [ improve source needed ] grabbing a branch. More recently, it is commonly referred to as at , as in English.
  • In Greek, it is called παπάκι meaning 'duckling'.
  • In Greenlandic, an Inuit linguistic communication, information technology is called aajusaq pregnant 'A-like' or 'something that looks like A'.
  • In Hebrew, information technology is colloquially known as שְׁטְרוּדֶל ( shtrúdel ), due to the visual resemblance to a cross-section cutting of a strudel cake. The normative term, invented by the University of the Hebrew Language, is כְּרוּכִית ( krukhít ), which is another Hebrew word for 'strudel', but is rarely used.
  • In Hindi, it is at , from the English language word.
  • In Hungarian, information technology is called kukac (a playful synonym for 'worm' or 'maggot').
  • In Icelandic, information technology is referred to as atmerkið ("the at sign") or hjá, which is a directly translation of the English language discussion at.
  • In Indian English, speakers often say at the rate of (with email addresses quoted as "example at the rate of example.com").[ citation needed ]
  • In Indonesian, it is usually et . Variations exist – especially if verbal advice is very noisy – such equally a bundar and a bulat (both pregnant 'circled A'), a keong ('snail A'), and (most rarely) a monyet ('monkey A').
  • In Irish, it is ag (pregnant 'at') or comhartha @/ag (significant 'at sign').
  • In Italian, it is chiocciola ('snail') or a commerciale, sometimes at (pronounced more often [ˈɛt] and rarely [ˈat]) or advertisement.
  • In Japanese, information technology is called atto māku (アットマーク, from the English words at marking). The discussion is wasei-eigo , a loan word from the English language.
  • In Kazakh, information technology is officially chosen айқұлақ ( aıqulaq , 'moon'south ear').
  • In Korean, it is called golbaeng-i ( 골뱅이 , meaning 'whelk'), a dialectal course of whelk.
  • In Kurdish, it is at or et (Latin Hawar script), ئهت (Perso-Arabic Sorani script) coming from the English language word at.
  • In Latvian, information technology is pronounced the same as in English, but, since in Latvian [æ] is written as "eastward" (not "a" as in English), information technology is sometimes written as et .
  • In Lithuanian, it is pronounced eta (equivalent to the English language at).
  • In Luxembourgish information technology used to be chosen Afeschwanz ('monkey tail'), but due to widespread use, it is now called at , equally in English.
  • In Macedonian, it is called мајмунче ( majmunče , [ˈmajmuntʃɛ], 'piffling monkey').
  • In Malaysia, information technology is called alias when information technology is used in names and di when it is used in email addresses, di existence the Malay give-and-take for 'at'. It is also unremarkably used to abbreviate atau which means 'or', 'either'.
  • In Morse code, it is known as a "commat", consisting of the Morse code for the "A" and "C" which run together as one character:   ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄. The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses,[48] the only official change to Morse code since World War I.
  • In Nepali, the symbol is chosen "at the charge per unit." Commonly, people will give their email addresses by including the phrase "at the rate".[ citation needed ]
  • In Norwegian, it is officially called krøllalfa ('curly alpha' or 'alpha twirl'), and commonly as alfakrøll . Sometimes snabel-a , the Swedish/Danish name (which means 'trunk A', as in 'elephant's trunk'), is used. Usually, people will call the symbol [æt] (equally in English), particularly when giving their email addresses. The calculator manufacturer Norsk Data used information technology equally the command prompt, and it was frequently called "grisehale" (pig's tail).
  • In Persian, it is at , from the English word.
  • In Polish, it is commonly called małpa ('monkey'). Rarely, the English language word at is used.
  • In Portuguese, information technology is chosen arroba (from the Arabic ar-roub , ‏اَلرُّبْع‎). The give-and-take arroba is likewise used for a weight measure in Portuguese. I arroba is equivalent to 32 one-time Portuguese pounds, approximately 14.7 kg (32 lb), and both the weight and the symbol are chosen arroba . In Brazil, cattle are withal priced past the arroba  – now rounded to fifteen kg (33 lb). This naming is because the at sign was used to correspond this measure.
  • In Romanian, it is most usually chosen at , but likewise colloquially called coadă de maimuță ("monkey tail") or a-rond . The latter is normally used, and information technology comes from the word round (from its shape), but that is nothing like the mathematical symbol A-rond (rounded A). Others phone call it aron , or la (Romanian word for 'at').

@ on a DVK Soviet computer (c.  1984)

  • In Russian, it is commonly called соба[ч]ка ( soba[ch]ka – '[little] domestic dog').
  • In Serbian, it is called лудо А ( ludo A – 'crazy A'), мајмунче ( majmunče – 'lilliputian monkey'), or мајмун ( majmun – 'monkey').
  • In Slovak, information technology is called zavináč ('rollmop', a pickled fish whorl, as in Czech).
  • In Slovene, it is called afna (an informal word for 'monkey').
  • In Spanish-speaking countries, information technology is called arroba (from the Arabic ar-roub , which denotes a pre-metric unit of weight. While there are regional variations in Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Republic of ecuador, and Republic of peru information technology is typically considered to represent approximately 11.five kg (25 lb).[ citation needed ]
  • In Sámi (N Sámi), it is called bussáseaibi meaning 'cat'due south tail'.
  • In Swedish, information technology is called snabel-a ('elephant's torso A') or but at , as in the English language. Less formally it is also known as kanelbulle ('cinnamon curlicue') or alfakrull ('alpha curl').
  • In Swiss German, information technology is normally called Affenschwanz ('monkey-tail'). However, the use of the English language word at has go increasingly pop in Swiss German language, every bit with Standard High german.[ citation needed ]
  • In Tagalog, the discussion at means 'and', so the symbol is used like an ampersand in colloquial writing such as text messages (e.g. magluto @ kumain , 'melt and swallow').
  • In Thai, it is commonly called at , every bit in English.
  • In Turkish, it is usually called et , a variant pronunciation of English at.[ citation needed ]
  • In Ukrainian, it is commonly called ет ( et – 'at') or Равлик (ravlyk), which means 'snail'.
  • In Urdu, it is اٹ ( at ).
  • In Vietnamese, it is called a còng ('aptitude A') in the due north and a móc ('hooked A') in the due south.
  • In Welsh, it is sometimes known as a malwen or malwoden (both meaning "snail").

Unicode [edit]

In Unicode, the at sign is encoded as U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (@). The named entity @ was introduced in HTML5.[49]

Variants [edit]

Character information
Preview @ ＠ ﹫
Unicode proper name COMMERCIAL AT FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT SMALL COMMERCIAL AT
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 64 U+0040 65312 U+FF20 65131 U+FE6B
UTF-eight 64 40 239 188 160 EF BC A0 239 185 171 EF B9 AB
Numeric graphic symbol reference @ @ ＠ ＠ ﹫ ﹫
Named grapheme reference @
ASCII and extensions 64 40
EBCDIC (037, 500, UTF)[l] [51] [52] 124 7C
EBCDIC (1026)[53] 174 AE
Shift JIS[54] 64 twoscore 129 151 81 97
EUC-JP[55] 64 forty 161 247 A1 F7
EUC-KR[56] / UHC[57] 64 xl 163 192 A3 C0
GB 18030[58] 64 40 163 192 A3 C0 169 136 A9 88
Big5[59] 64 40 162 73 A2 49 162 78 A2 4E
EUC-TW 64 xl 162 233 A2 E9 162 238 A2 EE
LaTeX[threescore] \MVAt

See also [edit]

  • ASCII
  • Circle-A
  • Enclosed A (Ⓐ, ⓐ)
  • Unicode

References [edit]

  1. ^ Run across, for example, Browns Alphabetize to Photocomposition Typography (p. 37), Greenwood Publishing, 1983, ISBN 0946824002
  2. ^ "Short Cuts" Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Car, Daniel Soar, Vol. 31 No. ten · 28 May 2009 page xviii, London Review of Books
  3. ^ David Bowen (23 October 2011). "Bits & bytes". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. … Tim Gowens offered the highly logical "ampersat" …
  4. ^ a b Jemima Kiss (28 March 2010). "New York's Moma claims @ as a blueprint classic". The Observer. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  5. ^ "strudel". FOLDOC. Archived from the original on 2014-eleven-29. Retrieved 2014-11-21 .
  6. ^ "The @-symbol, part ii of ii" Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, Shady Characters ⌂ The hole-and-corner life of punctuation Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Automobile
  7. ^ "Vat.slav.ii, f. 62r" – via Vatican Library.
  8. ^ "La arroba no es de Sevilla (ni de Italia)". purnas.com. Jorge Romance. Archived from the original on 2019-10-22. Retrieved 2009-06-30 .
  9. ^ "arroba". Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 3 Baronial 2012.
  10. ^ a b Willan, Philip (2000-07-31). "Merchant@Florence Wrote It First 500 Years Ago". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2010-04-25 .
  11. ^ Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5), p.272. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
  12. ^ German Patent and Trademark Office, registration number 302012038338 Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ^ Bundespatentgericht, conclusion of 22 February 2017, no. 26 West (pat) 44/14 (online Archived 2019-03-22 at the Wayback Machine).
  14. ^ Ray Tomlinson. "The Offset Electronic mail". BBN Technologies. Archived from the original on 2006-05-06.
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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to At sign.

  • commercial-at at the Costless On-line Dictionary of Calculating
  • "The Accidental History of the @ Symbol ", Smithsonian magazine, September 2012, Retrieved October 2021.
  • The @-symbol, role 1, suspension, part 2, addenda, Shady Characters ⌂ The surreptitious life of punctuation Baronial 2011, Retrieved June 2013.
  • "Daniel Soar on @", London Review of Books, Vol. 31 No. x, 28 May 2009, Retrieved June 2013.
  • ascii64 – the @ volume – gratuitous download (artistic commons) – by patrik sneyd – foreword by luigi colani) November 2006, Retrieved June 2013.
  • A Natural History of the @ Sign The many names of the at sign in various languages, 1997, Retrieved June 2013.
  • Sum: the @ Symbol, LINGUIST Listing 7.968 July 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
  • Where information technology's At: names for a common symbol World Wide Words Baronial 1996, Retrieved June 2013.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_sign

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